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Etudier les questions théologiques et les enjeux pastoraux concernant le pédobaptisme dans une société où l'éducation chrétienne fait souvent défaut, afin de contribuer à une approche cohérente du côté des pasteurs et des théologiens qui y réfléchissent. La thèse étudie de façon analytique la pratique actuelle de baptiser les petits enfants dans la société occidentale où la majorité des enfants baptisés ne sont plus éduqués dans la foi chrétienne.Cette étude est construite selon un plan en trois parties, tout en proposant de mettre en oeuvre une méthode faisant appel non seulement à différentes disciplines théologiques, mais également à la recherche historique et à la psychologie.

Infant baptism

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Infant formulas.

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Quatrième de couverture : "Les soins du développement sont des soins individualisés, centrés sur la famille, appropriés pour l'âge et axés sur la neuroprotection ainsi que sur la prévention des traumatismes chez les nouveau-nés prématurés ou malades nés à terme. Caractérisés par des interventions humaines, organisationnelles, thérapeutiques et environnementales, ils favorisent le développement normal de chaque enfant tout en diminuant chez lui le risque de complications neurodéveloppementales. Ils permettent du même coup aux professionnels de la santé de définir leur rôle dans l'accompagnement et l'intégration des familles afin qu'elles puissent répondre aux besoins de leur enfant et promouvoir sa croissance à long terme, tant à l'unité néonatale qu'a la maison. Basée sur les dernières recommandations et données probantes, cette nouvelle édition traite de façon claire et précise de tous les aspects de cette approche de soins. Elle en présente parallèlement l'importance et les stratégies d'implantation optimales dans les unités néonatales. Abondamment illustrée et enrichie de ressources et d'outils concrets, cette référence unique en français permet aux professionnels interpellés de prodiguer dans leur pratique quotidienne des soins qui feront une grande différence dans la vie des nouveau-nés."

Infant, Newborn --- Infant, Premature --- Neonatology --- Child Development

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BACKGROUND: 1. Complementary feeding is the process that starts when human milk or infant formula is complemented by other foods and beverages, beginning during infancy and typically continuing to 24 months of age.2. This systematic review was conducted by a team of Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) staff as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Department of Health and Human Services Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project.3. The goal of this systematic review was to answer the following research question: What is the relationship between types and amounts of complementary foods/beverages and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitisSUMMARY OF EVIDENCE: 1. Thirty-nine studies included in this systematic review examined the relationship between consuming specific types of CFB (including amounts, and the age at which the specific CFB were introduced) and risk of food allergies, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis occurring during childhood through 18 years of age. An additional 12 studies examined diet diversity and two studies examined dietary patterns during the complementary feeding period in relation to these outcomes.2. A number of studies examined consumption of the most common allergenic foods during the complementary feeding period and risk of atopic disease. ○ Fourteen studies examined the consumption of peanuts, tree nuts, or seeds during the complementary feeding period in relation to risk of developing atopic disease, including two RCTs. Nine studies (two RCTs) examined food allergy, five studies examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, and two studies examined asthma; no studies were identified that examined risk of allergic rhinitis.○ Twenty-eight studies examined the consumption of eggs as a complementary food in relation to risk of developing any atopic disease, including six RCTs. Thirteen studies (six RCTs) examined food allergies, fifteen studies (one RCT) examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, four studies examined asthma, and five studies examined allergic rhinitis.○ Twenty-four studies examined the consumption of fish as a complementary food in relation to risk of developing atopic disease, including one RCT. Six studies (one RCT) examined food allergies, fifteen studies examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, seven studies examined asthma, and seven studies examined allergic rhinitis.○ Sixteen studies examined the consumption of cow's milk products, such as cheese and yogurt, during the complementary feeding period in relation to risk of developing atopic disease, including one RCT. Four studies (one RCT) examined food allergies, nine studies examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, three studies examined asthma, and three studies examined allergic rhinitis.○ Eighteen studies, including 1 RCT, 11 PCSs, 5 nested case-control studies, and 1 case-control study, examined the consumption of wheat or cereals (including, but not limited to, wheat cereal) during the complementary feeding period in relation to risk of developing atopic disease. Eight studies examined food allergies, 9 studies examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, 3 studies examined asthma, and 2 studies examined allergic rhinitis.○ Four prospective cohort studies examined the relationship between age of introduction to soy and risk of developing atopic disease. One study examined food allergies, three studies examined atopic dermatitis/eczema, and one study examined asthma.3. A number of observational studies also examined the relationship between other types of CFB, not considered to be major allergens (e.g., fruit, vegetables, meat), and atopic diseases.4. The studies that examined diet diversity or dietary patterns were all observational, including 11 prospective cohort studies (from six cohorts) and three case-control studies.5. Many of the studies included in this review exclusively enrolled or primarily enrolled subjects who were at greater risk of allergies and/or atopic disease than the general population on the basis of family history. However, despite the inclusion of higher risk populations in this body of evidence, the results are probably generalizable to infants and toddlers who are lower risk for atopic disease but the benefit of early introduction on preventing allergy may not be as great.6. In order to better understand how specific types of foods consumed during infancy and toddlerhood impact risk of developing atopic disease, more research is needed that a. uses randomized, controlled study designs, b uses valid and reliable measures, c uses consistent definitions of diet diversity and/or dietary patterns, and assesses these exposures at multiple time points across the complementary feeding period, d. adjusts for key confounders, e takes into consideration the mechanisms by which specific types of foods may affect risk of developing atopic disease when determining which diet-health relationships to investigate, and what analyses are appropriate, and f accounts for potential for reverse causality exists due to baseline atopic disease risk status impacting both complementary feeding behaviors and risk of developing atopic disease.

Asthma --- Rhinitis. --- Infant. --- Etiology.

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Consciousness --- Infant psychology